Orthopedic Impairments are impairments of the skeletal system, and muscles that adversely affect a child’s education. Well known types of orthopedic impairments include: Cerebral Palsy – condition that affects the muscles, Spina Bifida – when the spinal cord does not close completely, and Muscular Dystrophy – Muscles become week and waste away. The absence of limbs due to accidents or birth defects, The loss of muscle control due to seizures or stokes, are also considered orthopedic Impairments.

In the elementary classroom, it is important that your other students know, understand, and accept the fact that another child has an orthopedic impairment. It is also important that as the teacher you and other students do not do everything for that child. The child needs to learn how to do things for themselves. If the child asks for assistance then give it, otherwise wait and see what happens. The classroom arrangement is also important. If a child has a mobility device such as a wheel chair, the child will need to be able to move around the classroom. Try to keep them at a distance that isn’t too far from the main areas of the classroom. If your school has passing periods, allow the child with the orthopedic impairment to leave early, or give him or her more time to get from one place to another. Many students because of their impairments need help with fine and gross motor skills. Allow many activities that allow them to build on those skills.

Depending on the impairment there is a wide variety of assistive technologies that will help an orthopedic impaired student. These include: Wheel chairs, canes, crutches, to help with mobility. There are Movable table tops, to help with posture at a work area. Braces/Splints are also considered an assistive technology to help keep joints or bones in place.

More than 300,000 deaths, annually, are attributed to obesity with healthcare costs exceeding $60 billion dollars.  Of these statistics, an increasing number of individuals affected involve children.   Obesity in children is at an all time high with statistics as never seen before.   While the condition may be hereditary, genetic or a product of the environment, it is important that parents become vitally aware, and take responsibility, for the growth and development of children which includes education and guidance in weight control, fitness and nutrition.  Understanding the health implications obesity will play on a child's welfare is the first line of defense in educating parents in the appropriate course of action.

In children, the growth plates, particular in the legs, are susceptible to damage.   When a child reaches a level of obesity, these growth plates become impaired, unable to function properly, and result in inadequate bone growth.   This decrease in growth leads to flat feet, narrowing of the arches, knee pain, back pain and irregular hip position.   For most children, these pains and deformities will progress into adulthood with little chance for recovery.   It is the excess weight, on a child's body, which creates these deformed growth patterns which then leads to a cyclical effect in which the child is unable to perform any level of physical activity and, thus, gains more weight.  The key, then, is to prevent obesity from occurring.

SPMS is one of the four universally known types of multiple sclerosis. In this disease form, there is a rapid neurological damage which may be accompanied by relapses and remissions. People with SPMS would have undergone a phase of Relapsing/Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) lasting from two to more years. The damage is rapid in this stage of disease but rate of increased disability varies among people.

In the SPMS form, lesions formation is decreased than in RRMS but general deterioration continues. This may be due to greater loss of axonal. SPSS patients form 30% of the total Multiple Sclerosis population. Reasons for progression of disability from the beginning of disease to its secondary state are still not known fully. The advanced forms of MS have not yielded to treatment. The affect of legendary immunosuppresion as a treatment has been at best, meagre. So far, interferons and glatiramer have proved effective. Clinical Results have shown positive effect of these drugs on chronic patients.

In case of MS, the crux lies in overall management of disease. Being a debilitating disease, it causes inconsistent bladder movements, pain, depression, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, tremor, paroxysmal disorders and heat intolerance. A holistic system of disease management may reduce the trauma.

Treatment

Interferon beta-1b is most common treatment for SPMS and has been seen to significantly reduce the progression of disease-linked disability. Interferons help in regulating immune system of the body. In SPMS, it restricts the activities of disease causing white-blood cells. As a result of this medication, there is a significant difference in time between relapses. The size of lesions is also diminished, as a result. It is taken in injectible dose and side effects include flu-like symptoms and reaction around injection area. In certain cases, patients do not respond to interferons. If a patient does not respond to interferon after being treated for 6 months, it is obvious that interferon is not working. The body may have produced neutralizing antibodies to interferon. Another disadvantage is that interferon is an expensive drug.
Mitoxantrone is known to restrain certain cells of the body that destroy myelin in central nervous system.

As a result, rate of relapse gets delayed and progression of disability is reduced. Mitoxantrone (Novantrone) has shown effectiveness in PMS although its side effects can cause severe complications. It is a chemotherapy medication and is given intravenously every three month. It can also be given on monthly basis depending on the severity of the disease. The side effects include potential toxicities including cardiac toxicity. A cardiologist's opinion should be sought before starting the medication of Mitoxantrone.

In addition, muscle relaxants, Anticholiergics, Urinary Tract Antispasmodics, anticonvulsants, central nervous system stimulant, antidepressants; NSAIDS can be used to combat common symptoms of MS.